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الخلاصة

        In this study, three oxides and phosphates of chromium, titanium and manganese were successfully synthesized by sol-gel method. Moreover, binary oxides and phosphates (Cr₂O₃-MnO₂, Cr₂O₃-TiO₂, TiO₂-MnO₂, Cr₂PO₃-MnPO₄, Cr₂PO₃-TiPO₄ and TiPO₄-MnPO₄) were prepared by using same method. Then, the single and binary oxide, phosphate system were incorporated polyaniline (PANI) nanotube by using in-situ polymerization method to use it in super capacitor and bio sensing applications.

            The structural and morphology properties of the synthesized compounds were characterized by using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), while the electrochemical measurements were investigated by Cyclic Voltammetry (CV), Galvanostatic Charge-Discharge (GCD) and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS).

              For supercapacitor performance, the electrochemical of PANI, MnO₂-TiO₂ and PANI/MnO₂-TiO₂ electrodes were investigated using CV and GCD with scan rate (10-50 mV/s) and different current densities (1.0-10 mA/g) respectively, to estimate the specific capacitance (Csp). The findings appear that the Csp of prepared compounds were reduced with increasing the scan rate and density of current. Moreover, it shown that the Csp of PANI/MnO₂-TiO₂ is more than PANI, MnO₂-TiO₂.

              For biosensing application, The TiPO₄/PANI nanocomposite has been employed as a biosensor for glucose disclosure via immobilization with glucose oxidase enzyme.  The linear range of glucose detection was noted from 20 to 100 μM by using amperometric analysis, and the LOD was found to be 5.44 μM.